Research library
Peptide Research & Studies
A curated library on peptide biology, preclinical models, and analytical methods — organised by peptide family and by the fundamentals of laboratory research. Educational reference only. For in-vitro use in a research setting.
GLP / Incretin & Amylin (Metabolic)
Research articles on incretin and amylin peptides — GLP-1, GLP-2, and GLP-3 receptor agonists and analogs — and the wider preclinical pharmacology of metabolic peptides.
Research overview
Semaglutide Research: A Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonist in Preclinical Study
A structured overview of GLP-1 receptor biology, the design choices that give semaglutide its extended half-life, and how it is characterised alongside other incretin analogs in preclinical research.
Read article →Research overview
Tirzepatide Research: A Dual GIP / GLP-1 Receptor Agonist in Preclinical Study
An overview of tirzepatide as the first characterised dual GIP / GLP-1 receptor agonist — GIP receptor biology, structural design, receptor pharmacology, and comparative context alongside semaglutide.
Read article →Growth Hormone Axis
Articles on growth-hormone-axis peptides — GHRH analogs, GHRPs, and related compounds — with an emphasis on receptor signalling, preclinical models, and the neuroendocrine context.
Research overview
CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin Research: GHRH Analog and GHRP Combined in Preclinical Study
Preclinical background on the GH/IGF axis, the design of CJC-1295 as a long-acting GHRH analog, ipamorelin as a selective ghrelin-receptor secretagogue, and the rationale for studying them together.
Read article →Research overview
Sermorelin Research: Native GHRH(1-29) in Preclinical Study
An overview of sermorelin as the unmodified truncated GHRH(1-29) fragment, its receptor pharmacology, why it is short-acting, and its position alongside CJC-1295 and tesamorelin.
Read article →Regenerative & Repair
Research articles on cytoprotection, tissue-repair peptides, and the preclinical models that characterise them — BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, and adjacent chemistries.
Research overview
BPC-157 Research: A Review of Preclinical Findings on Cytoprotection and Tissue Repair
A structured overview of preclinical research on BPC-157, from its origin in gastric juice to studies of tendon healing, angiogenesis, and cytoprotection.
Read article →Research overview
TB-500 Research: Thymosin β-4 Actin-Binding Fragment in Preclinical Study
An overview of TB-500 as a synthetic fragment corresponding to the LKKTETQ actin-binding region of Thymosin β-4, its role in preclinical wound-healing and endothelial-cell-migration models, and its position alongside BPC-157 in the tissue-repair literature.
Read article →Melanocortin Peptides
Articles on melanocortin-system peptides, receptor agonism at MC3R/MC4R, sexual-response pathways, and pigmentation research in preclinical studies.
Research overview
PT-141 Research: A Melanocortin Receptor Agonist in Preclinical Study
A structured overview of the melanocortin system, the derivation of PT-141 from Melanotan-II, its receptor pharmacology, and the preclinical models used to characterise it.
Read article →Research overview
Melanotan-II Research: Broadly-Active Melanocortin Agonist in Preclinical Study
Preclinical background on Melanotan-II — the cyclic heptapeptide analog of α-MSH developed as a broadly-active melanocortin agonist, characterised across pigmentation, CNS, and sexual-response endpoints.
Read article →Neuropeptides & Nootropics
Research on neuropeptides and short peptide chains studied for CNS activity — receptor signalling, gene regulation, neuroprotection, and memory-related endpoints in laboratory research.
Research overview
Oxytocin Research: Neuropeptide Biology and OXTR Signalling
A structured overview of oxytocin's biology — the nonapeptide, its receptor, its close relationship to vasopressin, and the preclinical models used to characterise its behavioural and physiological endpoints.
Read article →Research overview
Selank Research: A Synthetic Tuftsin Analog in Preclinical Study
Preclinical background on Selank — a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin, characterised in Russian anxiolytic-endpoint research and related neuropeptide models.
Read article →Cellular Cofactors & Longevity
Articles on cellular cofactors and longevity compounds — NAD⁺, mitochondrial-derived peptides, and the molecular biology of aging as studied preclinically.
Research overview
MOTS-c Research: A Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide and Metabolic Biology
A structured overview of MOTS-c — a mitochondrial-DNA-encoded peptide implicated in metabolic homeostasis, exercise biology, and age-dependent physical decline — and the preclinical models used to characterise it.
Read article →Research overview
NAD⁺ Research: A Central Cellular Cofactor in Metabolism and Longevity
An overview of NAD⁺ as a central cellular cofactor — its role in redox and signalling enzymes, the biosynthetic pathways that maintain cellular pools, and the preclinical research direction connecting NAD⁺ metabolism to aging biology.
Read article →Multi-Peptide Preclinical Research
Research articles on multi-component peptide preparations used in preclinical (in-vitro / animal-model) research — rationale, characterisation considerations, and study design for parallel-pathway investigations. Not administration guidance.
Research overview
KLOW Blend Research: BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, and KPV in Preclinical Study
A structured overview of the KLOW blend — the individual peptide components, the rationale for combining them in preclinical work, and the characterisation considerations specific to blended research peptides.
Read article →Research overview
GLOW Blend Research: GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 for Skin and Wound-Repair Study
Preclinical background on the GLOW blend — a three-peptide combination of GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 studied for its parallel engagement of matrix-signalling, cytoprotective, and actin-binding axes in skin and wound-repair models.
Read article →Research Fundamentals & Methods
Foundational articles on peptide research methods and quality — how to read a certificate of analysis, reconstitution chemistry, storage and stability, and best practice for reproducible laboratory work.
Research overview
Peptide Reconstitution Basics
How to calculate concentration and reconstitute lyophilized peptides for laboratory use.
Read article →Research overview
Peptide Storage & Handling
Keep material cold and dry, minimize freeze-thaw cycles, and aliquot to preserve integrity.
Read article →Research overview
How to Read a Peptide Certificate of Analysis
What HPLC purity, mass-spec identity, and net peptide content mean — and how to read a certificate of analysis.
Read article →Research overview
Purity & Analytical Testing
How third-party analytical testing works and why independent verification matters for reproducible research.
Read article →Research overview
Peptide Solubility and Reconstitution Chemistry: A Deeper Look
A detailed methodological treatment of peptide solubility: the physicochemical determinants, solvent selection logic, pH stability windows, aggregation phenomena, and worked reconstitution examples across peptide classes.
Read article →Frequently asked questions
Quick answers to the questions we get most often. If your question isn't answered here, reach out to our team.
What does “research use only” mean?
RUO products are sold strictly for in-vitro laboratory research and development. They are not for human or veterinary use, not for diagnostic use, and not for any food, cosmetic, or therapeutic application.
What does “lyophilised” mean?
Lyophilisation is freeze-drying. It removes water under vacuum after freezing, leaving a dry solid that is more stable in storage than the equivalent liquid — the standard form in which research peptides ship.
How should I store lyophilised peptides?
Keep the sealed vial dry, away from light, and cold — 2–8 °C is fine for short-term storage; −20 °C is preferable for longer-term storage of solid material. Bring to room temperature before opening to limit condensation.
How long do peptides last after reconstitution?
Once reconstituted, stability depends on the specific sequence, the diluent, the pH, and the temperature. Refrigerate and aliquot to minimise freeze-thaw cycles. In general, treat reconstituted material as having a shorter useful life than the lyophilised form.
Why doesn't my peptide fully dissolve?
Hydrophobic sequences can be slow to dissolve in water alone. Allow additional time at room temperature and swirl gently — do not shake. Some peptides may require a small amount of a co-solvent before dilution with aqueous buffer; consult the peptide's documentation.
Do you provide a certificate of analysis?
Yes. A COA with HPLC purity and mass-spectrometry identity is available for the batch you receive. Look for it on the product page or request it from support.
What analytical tests do you run?
Identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry (LC-MS or MALDI). Purity is quantified by reversed-phase HPLC. Together they answer the two questions a researcher needs answered: is this the right peptide, and how pure is it?
Still have a question?
Our team is happy to help with product specifications, documentation, or your order. Email us at cs@28peptides.com or visit our contact page.